Abstract: Mine water and soil pollution is one of the main environmental geological problems caused by mining activities. There are a large number of mines in China, and soil and water pollution is common, especially in metal mines. The prevention and control of soil and water pollution in mines is an important part of land and space ecological protection and restoration in the future. Based on the data and results of national mine geological environment investigation, in this paper, the risk of soil and water pollution at different stages of mining activities, the types and characteristics of soil and water pollution, and the migration and evolution of pollutants in different mines are studied. It is pointed out that the process of mining activities includes exploration, construction, mining, washing and smelting etc, while the risk of soil and water pollution runs through the whole process of mining activities, and the risk of pollution is different in different of mining stages. The types and characteristics of soil and water pollutants caused by the development of mineral resources vary with the types of minerals mined, showing a high correlation between the characteristic pollutants and the ore body parent rock. The migration of pollutants in the mine and its surrounding areas is affected by the physical and chemical properties of the pollutants themselves and the external environmental conditions. Under the condition of long-term continuous mining, there is a cumulative effect of water and soil pollutants in the mine area, while the diffusion of pollutants in the concentrated mining area shows an additive effect. Through a case study of a typical soil and water environment pollution analysis and evaluation, the above inference is preliminarily confirmed. According to the multiple and complex characteristics of mine soil and water environment pollution in China, it is suggested that the prevention and control of water and soil pollution in mines in the future should be based on different types of mines, different geological environment conditions, different pollutant characteristics, different pollution levels, etc., adopting classified measures, systematic restoration, and treating both symptoms and symptoms simultaneously, so as to realize the obvious improvement of mine environment.