张掖盆地地热资源赋存特征及成因分析

尹政; 柳永刚; 张旭儒; 李玉山; 冯嘉兴

doi:10.16030/j.cnki.issn.1000-3665.202202050

张掖盆地地热资源赋存特征及成因分析

尹政^{1, 2,},
柳永刚^3, ,,
张旭儒^{1, 2},
李玉山^{1, 2},
冯嘉兴^{1, 2}

1.
甘肃省地质矿产勘查开发局水文地质工程地质勘察院，甘肃张掖　734000
2.
甘肃省地下水工程及地热资源重点实验室，甘肃兰州　730050
3.
甘肃省自然资源厅，甘肃兰州　730013

基金项目: 第二次青藏科考“重大工程扰动灾害及风险”项目（2019QZKK0904）；甘肃省2022年省级基础地质调查项目（202241）；甘肃省地矿局2021年度创新资金项目（2021CX08）

详细信息

作者简介:
尹政（1969-），男，本科，正高级工程师，主要从事地下水资源勘查、环境地质及地热资源评价等工作。E-mail：zyyz8029@163.com

通讯作者:
柳永刚（1970-），男，本科，正高级工程师，主要从事地质项目技术管理及矿床研究。E-mail：527709711@qq.com

中图分类号: P314
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-02-27
- 修回日期: 2022-05-06
- 网络出版日期: 2022-11-24
- 刊出日期: 2023-01-14

An analysis of the endowment characteristics and geneses of geothermal resources in the Zhangye Basin

YIN Zheng^{1, 2,},
LIU Yonggang^3, ,,
ZHANG Xuru^{1, 2},
LI Yushan^{1, 2},
FENG Jiaxing^{1, 2}

1.
Institute of Hydrogeoloical and Engineering Geology, Gansu Provincial Bureau of Geology and Mineral Exploration and Development, Zhangye, Gansu　734000, China
2.
Gansu Key Laboratory of Groundwater Engineering and Geothermal Resources, Lanzhou, Gansu　730050, China
3.
Department of Natural Resources of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu　730013, China

摘要

摘要:
张掖盆地地处甘肃省河西走廊黑河流域中游地区，地势南东高北西低。已有勘探资料显示，张掖盆地赋存丰富的水热型地热资源。通过研究该区域地球物理勘探、钻探、地温测量及水文地球化学等成果资料，分析了张掖盆地地热资源赋存特征，探讨了其成因模式。张掖盆地地热田属沉积盆地型中低温地热田，热储为呈层状分布的新近系白杨河组砂岩、砂砾岩，选择钾镁地球化学温标计算热储温度为47～82 °C，盖层为新近系上新统疏勒河组泥岩及第四系松散地层；地热水类型主要为碎屑岩类孔隙水，根据氢氧同位素特征推断其主要补给来源为南部祁连山区大气降水；祁连山北缘深大断裂和盆地内NNW向基底断裂是地热流体深循环良好的导水通道，地下水接受补给后沿导水断裂带或岩层孔隙裂隙运移，在深部热传导的增温作用下，赋存于碎屑岩类孔隙之中形成了本区的地热资源。水质分析结果表明：本区地热水属于溶滤型的陆相沉积水，水化学类型为Cl·SO₄—Na型，F⁻、SiO₂、溶解性总固体、总硬度含量随水温的升高而增大；区内地热水³H值普遍小于2.0 TU，说明形成年代较早；¹⁴C分析结果进一步证实，区域地热水形成年龄超过20 ka，反映出地热流体补给路径长、径流缓慢的特点。研究成果可为张掖盆地地热资源勘查和开发利用提供重要参考。
- 地热资源 /
- 热储 /
- 水文地球化学 /
- 地热成因 /
- 地下水年龄 /
- 张掖盆地
Abstract:
As a part of Hexi Corridor in Gansu Province, the Zhangye Basin is located in the middle reaches of the Heihe River Basin, with high topography in the southeast and low topography in the northwest. The existing exploration data show that the Zhangye basin is rich in hydrothermal geothermal resources. Based on the study of geophysical exploration, geothermal drilling, geo-temperature measurement and hydrogeochemistry, this paper analyzes the occurrence characteristics of geothermal resources and discusses the genetic mode in Zhangye Basin. The geothermal field in the Zhangye basin belongs to the sedimentary basin type of low-medium temperature. The geothermal reservoir is composed of sandstone and glutenite of Neogene Baiyanghe Formation with layered distribution. Temperature of the geothermal reservoir ranges from 47 to 82 °C calculated by using the potassium magnesium geochemical temperature standard. The caprock consists of mudstone of Neogene Shulehe Formation and Quaternary unconsolidated sediments. The geothermal water type is mainly clastic pore water. The characteristics of hydrogen and oxygen isotope indicate that the main recharge source is atmospheric precipitation in the southern Qilian Mountains. The deep faults in the northern margin of Qilian Mountains and NNW-trending basement faults in the basin are good conduits for deep circulation of the geothermal fluids. After receiving recharge, groundwater migrates along the water-conducting fault zones or rock pore fractures. Heating by the deep heat conduction, it occurs in the pores of clastic rocks and forms geothermal resources in this area. The results of hydrochemical analyses show that the geothermal water in this area belongs to continental sedimentary water containing dissolved water in rock salt formation, and the hydrochemical type is of Cl·SO₄—Na. The contents of fluorine, SiO₂, total dissolved solids and total hardness increase with the increasing water temperature. The tritium value of hot water in the area is generally less than 2.0 TU, indicating that the formation age is relatively early. The results of carbon-14 analysis further confirm that the formation age of the regional geothermal water is more than 20,000 years, reflecting the characteristics of a long geothermal fluid supply path and slow runoff. The research results can provide important reference for exploration and utilization of geothermal resources in the Zhangye Basin.
- geothermal resources /
- reservoir /
- hydrogeochemistry /
- geothermal genesis /
- groundwater age /
- Zhangye Basin

HTML全文

图 1 张掖盆地地震推断构造图（改编自文献[20]）

1—构造分区线；2—基底高程等值线；3—断层；4—地层时代；5—石油参数井及编号；6—地热勘探井及编号；7—剖面线及编号

Figure 1. Seismic inferred structure in the Zhangye Basin （modified from Ref. [20]）

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图 2 张掖盆地地热地质剖面图

1—第四系；2—新近系；3—白垩系；4—古生界；5—断层（虚线为推测）；6—勘探井及深度；7—热储；8—大地热流；9—砂砾卵石；10—砂岩；11—砂砾岩；12—泥岩

Figure 2. Geothermal geological profiles of the Zhangye Basin

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图 3 白杨河组间泉子段厚度等值线图（改编自文献[20]）

Figure 3. Thickness contour map of the Quanzi section of the Baiyanghe Formation (modified from Ref. [20])

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图 4 滨河新区ZYDR1井测温曲线

Figure 4. Temperature measurements of ZYDR1 well in the Binhe new area

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图 5 Piper地热水水化学类型三线图

Figure 5. Piper trilinear diagram showing the hydrochemical types of geothermal waters

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图 6 张掖城区及外围部分水样δD、δ¹⁸O与H·Craigh降水直线关系图

Figure 6. Plot of δD and δ¹⁸O in water samples in the city of Zhangye and nearby area

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图 7 张掖盆地地热田概念模型示意图

1—第四系； 2—新近系上新统疏勒河组； 3—新近系中新统白杨河组； 4—白垩系； 5—石炭系；6—古生界；7—断裂及移动方向； 8—深部地下水运动方向； 9—降水； 10—大地热流传导

Figure 7. Schematic diagram of conceptual model of the geothermal field in the Zhangye Basin

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表 1 张掖盆地地热勘探孔地层时代及厚度对比表

Table 1 Geological age and thickness of strata tapped by geothermal exploration holes in the Zhangye Basin

地层或侵入岩时代	厚度/m
地层或侵入岩时代	临泽LZDR1井	民参1井	张掖 ZYDR1井	民参2井	甘浚 ZYDR2井	体育公园 ZYDR3井	民乐 MLDR1井
第四系（Q）	412.85	669.10	651.60	685.00	598.00	590.00	644.00
新近系上新统（N₂）	287.15	806.00	808.40	1117.00	592.00	1055.00	1154.00
新近系中新统（N₁）	304.10	328.00	344.50	358.00	319.10	375.00	390.00
白垩系（K）	缺失	3244.20 （未揭穿）	796.72 （未揭穿）	1660.00 （未揭穿）	120.60	154.03 （未揭穿）	缺失
奥陶系（O）	未揭露	未揭露	未揭露	未揭露	423.38 （未揭穿）	未揭露	未揭露
加里东期侵入岩	496.49 （未揭穿）	未揭露	未揭露	未揭露	未揭露	未揭露	81.18 （未揭穿）

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表 2 张掖盆地地热勘探孔孔隙型热储统计表

Table 2 Statistics of geothermal reservoirs of pore type tapped by geothermal exploration holes in the Zhangye Basin

孔号	位置	井深 /m	水头埋深 /m	孔隙型热储岩性	热储底界埋深/m	孔隙型热储总厚度/m	热储底界测温/°C
LZDR1	临泽县城南部	1500.59	62.00	砂岩、砂砾岩	1004.40	134.55	40.00
ZYDR1	甘州区滨河新区	2601.22	16.35	砂岩、砂砾岩	1804.50	174.50	49.70
ZYDR2	甘州区甘浚镇	2053.08	212.00	砂岩、砂砾岩	1509.10	165.40	41.50
ZYDR3	沙漠体育公园	2174.00	147.00	砂岩、砂砾岩	2020.00	175.48	58.64
MLDR1	民乐县新天镇	2269.18	69.51	砂岩、砂砾岩	2188.00	193.05	64.60

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表 3 张掖盆地地下热水水化学分析结果

Table 3 Hydrochemical analyses of geothermal waters in the Zhangye Basin

孔号	温度 /°C	TDS /（mg∙L^−-1）	总硬度 /（mg∙L⁻¹）	pH	ρ/（mg∙L⁻¹）
孔号	温度 /°C	TDS /（mg∙L^−-1）	总硬度 /（mg∙L⁻¹）	pH	${\rm{K}}^+$	${\rm{Na}}^+$	${\rm{Ca}}^+$	${\rm{Mg}}^+$	${\rm{CO}}_3^{2-}$	${\rm{HCO}}_3^-$	${\rm{Cl}}^-$	${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$	${\rm{NO}}_3 ^-$	${\rm{F}}^-$	偏硅酸	偏硼酸	锶	锂	硒	铁	溴	游离 CO₂
LZDR1	45	3 432	374.8	7.6	8.0	1 044	84.2	39.9	0	217.1	1 293	701.6	6.2	1.4	28.36	12.0	5.84	0.23	0.001	0.06	1.16	6.98
ZYDR1	56	4 497	286.7	8.5	13.7	1 409	56.2	35.6	23.8	743.0	1 331	828.0	3.7	2.1	35.4	20.2	3.77	0.62	<0.002	0.02	2.20	8.40
ZYDR2	46	3 513	509.4	7.6	12.1	1 017	142.9	37.0	0	167.5	1 285	804.6	3.5	1.9	31.1	16.0	5.41	0.87	<0.001	0.33	0.77	7.63
ZYDR3	76	5 427	487.9	7.1	46.0	1 586	88.5	64.8	0	773.1	1 449	1 242.0	29.2	3.5	64.2	26.3	5.59	1.48	<0.002	0.58	1.40	51.80
MLDR1	77	5 810	1 131.0	7.7	61.7	1 522	250.0	123.0	0	596.0	1 754	1 408.0	37.2	3.6	59.8	3.2	10.80	1.04	0.027	<0.02	<0.01	106.00

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表 4 张掖盆地水样氢、氧同位素分析结果

Table 4 Results of hydrogen and oxygen isotope analyses of geothermal water in the Zhangye Basin

编号	位置	地下水类型	δ¹⁸O /‰	δD /‰	³H /TU
H2	鹰落峡	河水	−9.7	−62	58
H3	新河大桥	河水	−7.9	−61	51
H4	乌江大桥	河水	−6.9	−46	49
PQ1	山丹河	泉水	−6.0	−47	55
PQ2	乌江四社	泉水	−7.4	−53	51
Y36	张掖龙渠	潜水	−7.6	−52	55
Y37	张掖甘浚	潜水	−6.9	−51	65
Y5	张掖新墩	潜水	−7.1	−50	57
Y41	张掖大满	潜水	−6.5	−44	47
Y10	张掖城区	承压水	−7.8	−56	39
Y11	张掖城区	承压水	−9.2	−63	21
Y14	张掖城区	承压水	−9.2	−58	16
Y47	张掖乌江	承压水	−9.9	−61	20
LZDR1	临泽沙河	地下热水	−10.5	−77	1.5±0.7
ZYDR1	张掖滨河新区	地下热水	−10.4	−76	<1.0
ZYDR2	张掖甘浚	地下热水	−9.5	−74	<0.5
ZYDR3	张掖党寨	地下热水	−10.0	−77	1.3±0.5
MLDR1	民乐新天镇	地下热水	−10.3	−76	<0.5

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表 5 张掖盆地地下热水热储温度估算

Table 5 Estimated temperature of geothermal reservoirs in the Zhangye Basin

孔号	LZDR1	ZYDR1	ZYDR2	ZYDR3	MLDR1
ρ(K⁺)/（mg·L⁻¹）	8.05	13.73	12.06	46.04	61.70
ρ(Mg²⁺)/（mg·L⁻¹）	39.92	35.58	37.04	64.80	123.00
实测井口温度/°C	45.00	56.00	46.00	78.00	77.00
估算热储温度/°C	47.82	60.29	57.04	81.49	80.80

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表 6 张掖盆地地热勘探孔推测热水循环深度

Table 6 Estimated circulation depth of geothermal water in geothermal exploration holes in the Zhangye Basin

孔号	孔深/m	测温深度/m	测温/°C	地温梯度 /（°C·100⁻¹·m⁻¹）	热储底界埋深/m	推测热水循环深度/m
LZDR1	1500.59	1500.00	45.60	2.58	1004.40	1588.91
ZYDR1	2601.22	2600.00	67.14	2.32	1804.50	2301.12
ZYDR2	2053.08	2000.00	47.70	2.04	1509.10	2453.53
ZYDR3	2174.00	2120.00	63.40	2.67	2020.00	2797.42
MLDR1	2269.18	2200.00	64.60	2.63	2188.00	2813.27

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