ISSN 1000-3665 CN 11-2202/P

    西藏比如县公主温泉水文地球化学特征及形成机理

    Hydrogeochemical characteristics and genesis mechanism of Gongzhu Hot Spring in Biru Area, Xizang

    • 摘要: 公主温泉位于西藏自治区比如县,目前处于开发状态,但尚未开展水文地球化学特征、热储层岩性、热储温度及补给运移条件等成因机制的系统研究,制约了该地区温泉资源的可持续开发利用。研究基于野外调查,并结合流体化学与同位素测试结果,系统分析了该温泉的水化学组成、水化学过程、热储温度及补给来源,进一步揭示其地热系统的成因机制。研究结果表明:(1)研究区地热水主要呈中性至弱碱性,水化学类型为Cl—Na型,化学成分主要受蒸发盐矿物和硅酸盐矿物溶解及阳离子交换作用控制。(2)地热水以大气降水为主要补给来源,经修正的δD值计算的补给高程在53985819 m之间,平均值为5605 m。氚同位素分析表明地热水为现代水与古老水的混合,热水滞留时间较长,补给距离较远。(3)利用硅焓模型法分析得到热储温度范围为183~245 °C,冷水混合比例为58.2%~89.8%,指示为高温地热系统。(4)其成因模式为高山区降水沿背斜槽谷区岩石裂隙或断裂破碎带渗入地下,运移至深部热储层,在循环过程中吸收高温岩体或局部熔融体的热量,并发生水-岩作用,最终,由于压力和密度差异,沿构造破碎带向上运移至地表形成温泉。研究为西藏比如县地热资源勘查评价与可持续利用提供重要的借鉴。

       

      Abstract: The Gongzhu Hot Spring, located in Biru County of the Xizang Autonomous Region, is currently under development, yet its hydrogeochemical characteristics and genetic mechanisms remain poorly understood. The key scientific questions concerning the lithology, temperature, and recharge and transport conditions of geothermal reservoirs in geothermal systems have not been fully resolved, hindering effective exploitation and sustainable utilization of the geothermal resources in this area. The study integrated field investigations with fluid geochemistry and isotopic testing to systematically analyse the hydrochemical characteristics and genetic mechanisms of the geothermal system associated with the hot spring. The results indicate that the geothermal water in the study area is mainly neutral to weakly alkaline, with a hydrochemical type of Cl—Na, belonging to immature water. Its chemical composition is mainly controlled by the dissolution of evaporite minerals and silicate minerals, as well as cation exchange. The geothermal water is mainly recharged by atmospheric precipitation. Based on corrected δD values, the calculated recharge elevations range from 5398 m to 5819 m, with a mean value of 5605 m. Tritium isotope analysis reveals geothermal water as a mixture of modern and ancient waters, characterized by prolonged residence time and distant recharge sources. Using the silicon enthalpy model method, the temperature range of the thermal storage is 183 °C−245 °C, and the cold water mixing ratio is 58.2%−89.8%, indicating a medium high temperature geothermal system. The geothermal system is recharged by precipitation in high mountain areas, which infiltrates through fractures in anticline trough zones, percolates to deep thermal reservoirs, and is heated through interaction with high-temperature rock masses or localized magmatic bodies. Due to pressure and density differences, heated groundwater migrates upward along the structural fracture zone to form hot springs on the surface. This study can provide valuable insights for the exploration and evaluation, scientific development, and sustainable utilization of geothermal resources in the Biru Area, Xizang Plateau.

       

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