Abstract: The northern foothills of the Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang are rich in mineral resources but are ecologically fragile, with limited natural recovery capacity. Frequent wind-blown sand and short-duration heavy rainfall exacerbate soil degradation, leading to severe erosion. Among non-traditional chemical soil stabilizers, polymers have attracted increasing attention for their environmental friendliness, effectiveness, and low dosage requirements. In this study, the erosion resistance of reclaimed soil was enhanced using polyacrylamide and nano-SiO₂ as additives. A series of physical slope model tests were conducted under different freeze–thaw and dry–wet (0, 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 cycles) to evaluate the erosion resistance of reclaimed soil mixed with various ratios of nano-SiO₂ and polyacrylamide (2∶1, 1∶1, 0∶1, 1∶0, 1∶2, and 0∶0). Improvement mechanisms were further investigated using scanning electron microscopy , accompanied by a vegetation comparison experiment. The results showed that: (1) Three-dimensional laser scanning of the slope model surface indicated that with the fewest abnormal color and morphological variations, the surface of the 3D color scale map appears smoother when the ratio of nano-SiO₂ to polyacrylamide was 1∶1. In contrast, the color scale maps of other mixing ratios showed more varied colors and surface morphologies, indicating that the 1∶1 ratio leads to the fewest cracks on the slope model. New color regions appeared in the color scale maps as the number of cycles increase. This indicates that more pores and cracks developed within the interior of the slope. During scanning, these regions may exhibit different colors, thereby increasing the color diversity of the scale map. (2) The mechanism by which polyacrylamide improves reclaimed soil primarily involves adsorption, flocculation, and water retention. The improvement mechanism of nano-SiO₂ mainly involves the filling effects and surface energy effects. In the plant growth experiment, the plants in the untreated soil show signs of withering by day 28, while those in the improved soil continued to grow vigorously. This indicates that the addition of nano-SiO₂and polyacrylamide not only improved the germination rate but also extended the lifespan of the plants. The combination of nano-SiO₂ and polyacrylamide at a 1∶1 ratio, based on the above experimental results, showed the best improvement effect on the erosion resistance of reclaimed soil in the northern foothills of the Tianshan Mountains. A new approach for ecological restoration of mines in the northern foothills of the Tianshan Mountains is provided by adding environmentally friendly novel stabilizers. In addition, it is low in cost and holds great potential for practical application.