Abstract: In response to the problem of sulfate contamination in the goaf water of the abandoned Ningwu coal mine, this study investigated the impact of different treatment measures on the migration and diffusion of pollutants, providing a scientific basis for groundwater remediation in the mining area. Based on infiltration theory, a two-dimensional heterogeneous water flow and solute transport model was developed. A fractional order parameter optimization inversion method was employed to simultaneously invert spatial and temporal fractional derivative orders related to dispersion and porosity. The model was used to simulate the migration trend of sulfates in the next 20 years under five governance scenarios. Scenario 1 represents the baseline case, simulating the natural diffusion process of goaf water under the current situation without governance. Scenario 2 involves reducing precipitation infiltration through surface and fault anti-seepage engineering. Scenario 3 adopts the upstream vertical grouting anti-seepage wall scheme to block the impact of the goaf water on the surrounding groundwater environment. Scenario 4 implements in-situ pretreatment technology to reduce the concentration of pollutants in the goaf water. Scenario 5 represents a comprehensive strategy, and systematically analyzes its synergistic optimization effect through the implementation of anti-seepage engineering, vertical anti-seepage wall construction, and pollutant concentration control measures. Compared to natural governance scenarios, all four governance schemes showed varying degrees of restoration effects. The comprehensive governance scheme performed the best; in situ pretreatment and vertical anti-seepage walls are secondary, while the effectiveness of simply reducing precipitation infiltration is relatively limited. It was found that the comprehensive strategy can effectively control sulfate contamination through the synergistic mechanism of “source control process blockage end treatment”. This study provides a scientific comparison basis for the treatment of water pollution in the goaf of the closed pit coal mine in Ningwu County. It is recommended to prioritize the comprehensive treatment mode in practical engineering and establish a long-term monitoring evaluation optimization dynamic management system.