Groundwater flow modelling in the Jinan karst spring area

In order to examine the actuality of the groundwater resources change and the future development trend in the Jinan karst spring area and explore the approach for the sustainable management for the groundwater resources,a steadystate model and an unsteady-state model are built in this paper.Based on the model results,the groundwater flow system and the trend of the springs flow-rates change are analyzed and the springs collected area is delineated.The results indicate that pumping groundwater in the spring collected area will affect the flow-rate of the springs directly and pumping groundwater from the groundwater resources area will affect the flow-rate of the springs indirectly by affecting the springs collected area.The flow-rates of the springs vary seasonally and closely related to the precipitation.In the rain season,the groundwater level raises and the flow-rates of the springs would increase.In the dry season,the groundwater level drops,the flow-rates of the springs will decrease.Protecting the natural recharge and increasing the artificial recharge are the most important measurements to ensure the long-term flows of the springs.